SerpApi.Org
Additional reporting by Rachael Liska
Plant it and they will come. Believe it or not, it really is that simple when it comes to butterfly host plants. Scatter dill seeds among your lovely pink cosmos, and soon you’ll see swallowtails. Plant a patch of milkweed, and you’re bound to get monarchs. Got an out-of-the-way corner for nettles? Get ready to welcome red admirals. Butterfly gardening truly is this easy, but myths abound, so let’s set the story straight.
MYTH: The best way to attract butterflies is to plant nectar flowers
TRUTH: It’s true that to nectar-seeking butterflies, the more nectar flowers, the better. But it’s even more important to think ahead. Yes, they’ll show up at any yard for nectar, but those butterflies dancing over the daisies need a place to lay their eggs. Supply host plants tailored to the tastes of the caterpillars, and you will enjoy more butterflies for years to come.
Little bluestem, an ornamental grass, serves as a larval host for nine skipper species, including the Dakota and Leonard’s skippers.
MYTH: Habitats such as forests, meadows and marshes aren’t necessary for butterflies
TRUTH: Sure, butterflies may range miles afield to visit flowers. But when it’s time to start the next generation, many species are highly dependent on a particular kind of habitat. This is often where the plants that their caterpillars eat are found.
For butterflies, it’s host plants that determine the place they call home. Some, such as painted ladies (hosts: thistles, mallows, various legumes) and viceroys (hosts: willows and poplars), range widely.
Other butterflies, including many species that are in decline, rely on host plants that grow only in certain areas. The gorgeous black-and-white zebra swallowtail, for instance, needs young pawpaw trees to support its brood, so it’s found near the moist, low woods where the trees grow. The Baltimore checkerspot is a wetland species, because that’s where one of its favorite host plants, turtlehead (Chelone glabra), naturally grows.
MYTH: Butterfly populations are doing fine. Yearly differences are normal
TRUTH: Sadly, many North American butterflies are in decline, just as they are in Great Britain and elsewhere in the world. Butterflies that rely on habitat-specific butterfly host plants are among the most threatened. If a bulldozer scrapes off their favorite patch of host plants, they may be out of luck.
The Karner blue, a dainty little beauty, relies on a lupine (Lupinus perennis) that grows in the sandy prairies, lakeshores and pine barrens of the Northeast and Midwest. And these lupines are disappearing. Fritillary species that depend on native violets are declining, too. For monarchs, it’s the loss of milkweed in herbicide-sprayed farm fields that’s suspected to be an important cause of their falling numbers.
MYTH: Adding host plants to backyards won’t do much to help butterfly populations
TRUTH: One small step for butterflies in the backyard is one giant leap for butterflies everywhere! Home butterfly gardens may be small, but with so many of us helping butterflies, those efforts add up in a big way. Monarch Watch has developed a way-station program for schools, businesses, gardeners and anyone else with a bit of space to offer host and nectar plants. Visit monarchwatch.org/waystations to learn more.
MYTH: Caterpillars will chew host plants to bits
TRUTH: Once you spot your first butterflies-to-be, you won’t mind the nibbled look at all. It’s a sure sign of success! You’ll find yourself checking the progress of the brood day by day, looking forward to more beautiful wings. Butterfly gardening means looking at your garden as a tool to help butterflies, not just growing plants for aesthetic appeal.
Some species also use host plants in different ways. Late season red-spotted purple caterpillars hibernate for up to six months in rolled leaves, called hibernacula, of host plants such as cherry and serviceberry trees.
MYTH: Host plants aren’t as pretty as the nectar flowers
TRUTH: Butterfly host plants can be just as showy as garden flowers. Bright-orange butterfly weed, pink swamp milkweed, pink or white turtlehead, Western bleeding heart, blue bird’s-foot violet, hollyhocks, snapdragons, nasturtiums: All are gorgeous garden flowers as both host plants and nectar sources.
Bronze fennel and dill offer pretty foliage, which makes them good garden players, too. Nettles are the preferred host plant of the widespread red admiral butterfly, but not everyone welcomes a patch of stinging nettles in the yard. Luckily, these pretty fliers are just as fond of false nettle (Boehmeria cylindrica), a nonirritating plant. Both types of nettles spread fast, so plant them in an area where you won’t fret if they grow out of bounds.
MYTH: Butterflies are specific about which plant they’ll lay their eggs on
TRUTH: This is true for some species but way off the mark for many others. The monarch is just one of around 11 related species of butterflies worldwide that exclusively use milkweed as a host plant. One monarch lays a single egg on a milkweed plant.
But in general, think plant family, rather than species. For instance, mustard family plants—from broccoli to arugula to nasturtiums—are perfect for cabbage whites. Willows bring in mourning cloaks, and elms attract Eastern commas.
There are more than 50 sunflower species, many of which are native to North America and vital host plants for dozens of moth and butterfly larvae, including the silvery checkerspot.
MYTH: Planting a host plant for a butterfly that doesn’t live near me will attract it
TRUTH: Not likely, if the butterfly’s natural range is far away. But it could make a difference if every neighbor along the way pitched in as well. Some experts believe the pipevine swallowtail expanded its range in response to the popularity of Dutchman’s pipe (Aristolochia spp.) as a porch vine.
MYTH: There are too many butterfly host plants to remember
TRUTH: Can you remember three? Milkweeds, dill and hollyhocks: They’re a great place to start, and all have wide appeal – the magic three of butterfly gardening. Then fill in the gaps with native plants. Chances are some butterfly (or moth) will be happy to call them home.
MYTH: Only native plants are used as butterfly host plants
TRUTH: Native plants are usually the best choice for butterflies. In fact, a jaw-dropping 90% of the nation’s caterpillars rely on just 14% of native plant species for food. But non-natives are adopted by some species, too.
Dill, parsley, rue, cilantro and fennel aren’t American plants; they got their start around the Mediterranean. Yet the larvae of the black swallowtail and anise swallowtail will happily munch them all.
English plantain, a common imported weed, hosts buckeye butterflies and other species along its wide track.
This isn’t always true, though; using certain non-native pipevine species can be fatal for pipevine swallowtails. And non-native tropical milkweed can be problematic for monarchs, as well. Do your research before planting.
Did you know:
MYTH: To attract fritillaries, all I have to do is plant violets or pansies
TRUTH: Here’s where natives are vital. These butterflies are picky about where they put their eggs, and native violets are the plants their larvae chomp. A few species have also adopted non-native Johnny jump-ups (Viola tricolor), but it’s the native violets they most prefer.
And this is where we gardeners can make a big difference. The gorgeous regal fritillary and some of its other fritillary relatives are declining, because those native violets have been turned to the plow or destroyed by development. By nurturing native violets, such as bird’s-foot violet (Viola pedata) for the regal fritillary, we can provide a host plant oasis in our gardens for the upcoming brood.
Be sure to choose violets that are native to your region, not just “American natives.” With dozens of fritillary species ranging here and there in North America, regional tastes matter. In the Midwest, for instance, bird’s-foot violet is a good choice; not so in the West, where the fritillaries prefer yellow-flowered Nuttall’s violet (Viola nuttalli).
